Invention strategy in writing

Invention strategy in writing

Invention strategy in writing. Invention 1 . Created by Rebecca Steffy, Cabrini University Writing Center Rev. 9/8/21 . Invention: Strategies for Tackling the Blank Page . Writing begins with invention, with bringing something to life. The St. Martin’s Guide to Teaching Writing defines invention as “a writer’sIntroduction. Stasis theory is a four-question, pre-writing (invention) process developed in ancient Greece by Aristotle and Hermagoras. Later, the stases were refined by Roman rhetoricians, such as Cicero, Quintilian, and Hermogenes. Working through the four stasis questions encourages knowledge building that is important for research, writing, and for …Examples: Questions about your reader’s writing process in a post on the same. Questions on your reader’s biggest fears in a post about anxiety. Questions on favorite scents and related memories in a post about candles. 15. Tell your reader a story. Everyone loves a good story.Introduction. Stasis theory is a four-question, pre-writing (invention) process developed in ancient Greece by Aristotle and Hermagoras. Later, the stases were refined by Roman rhetoricians, such as Cicero, Quintilian, and Hermogenes. Working through the four stasis questions encourages knowledge building that is important for research, writing, and for …The 5 Ws and H approach to information-gathering originated as a tool to help journalists write their stories. A common rule among newspaper editors is that reporters should answer all six of these questions in the lead paragraph of their news articles. Although it’s popular in many professions, we refer to the 5 Ws and H technique as “the ...Writing Process Invention—OWL - Download as a PDF or view online for free. Writing Process Invention—OWL - Download as a PDF or view online for free ... Tagmemics are a contemporary invention strategy developed by Kenneth and Evelyn Pike, Richard Young, and Alton Becker in the 1960s and 1970s.However, each invention activity has been crafted with you in mind and as a generative way for you to begin thinking about your writing assignments. Through the invention strategies of reading rhetorically, freewriting, focused freewriting, critical freewriting, flexible outlining, bulleting, visual outlining and auditory/dialogic generative ... Since the mid-1990s, the Internet has had a revolutionary impact on communication, including the rise of near-instant communication by electronic mail, instant messaging, voice over Internet ...Jul 1, 2020 · Invention is one of the prewriting techniques used in writing essays. It refers to the creation of new ideas in relation to the question given or the use of old ideas to come up with new ideas in writing. This is a very important strategy as it encourages critical thinking and creativity in essay writing. Many students, who write compositions ... INVENTION TECHNIQUES FREEWRITING is the practice of writing as freely as possible without stopping. It is a simple but powerful strategy for exploring important issues and problems. The only absolute requirement for freewriting: DON'T STOP. Time yourself. Five, ten, or fifteen minute intervals usually work.As Kaplan (1966) asserts, specific language cultures exert influence on L2 writing since non-native writers employ L1 writing strategies while writing in L2 (Connor, 1996(Connor, , 2004 Cumming ...Paper strategies, including print, magnification and braille; E-text strategies, including tracking, auditory support and refreshable braille; Auditory strategies, including readers and auditory books. To learn more, see Reading Strategies for Students with Visual Impairments: A Classroom Teacher’s Guide. It’s important to develop effective ...In 1975, Ellen Nold hoped that the computer would provide a dynamic workplace for rhetorical invention strategies. Many teachers, agreeing with Nold, began ...10 Kas 2001 ... what invention strategies have they embraced to enhance their essay writing? CHINESE. AND. ANGLO-AMERICAN. INVENTION. IN. HISTORICAL.The post-World War II years saw diversification in the packaging of Coca-Cola and the development or acquisition of new products.The trademark “Coke,” first used in advertising in 1941, was registered in 1945. In 1946 the company purchased rights to Fanta, a soft drink previously developed in Germany. The contoured Coca-Cola bottle, first …The Invention Process: Ten Strategies for Producing Writing by Brenta Blevins Getting Started Invention is, simply, the process of identifying what to write. But, whether you're new to writing or a prolific pro, invention doesn't always feel simple when you're stuck on a blank page or screen.Writing a thesis can be a daunting task, especially when faced with writer’s block. It is not uncommon for students to feel overwhelmed and struggle to find the right words to express their ideas. But fear not.This invention strategy also asks the writer to create a visual representation of his or topic and is particularly useful for personal writing projects and memoirs. In such …Step 5: Develop a Prototype. Developing a prototype can be the most fun or the most tedious part of inventing. Much of your attitude toward developing a prototype depends on available resources, technology, and expertise. In this text, we reference the concept of the lean startup from time to time. Chapter 7: Invention Strategies. There are very few “right” and “wrong” ways to start a paper. There are just ways. However, it is often useful to have both a goal in mind and a model to use as the framework for starting a paper. Most writers will get attached to one or two models, and this is frequently a mistake. Aug 29, 2018 · This blog post lists ten invention strategies for “pre-writing” or getting un-stuck when the words won’t flow. Regardless of when the need occurs or whether you’re writing fiction or non-fiction, short stories or books, invention exercises can help. Ten Invention Strategies. The list below presents a range of invention approaches. About this Strategy Guide. This strategy guide explains the writing process and offers practical methods for applying it in your classroom to help students ...We often call these prewriting strategies “brainstorming techniques.”. Five useful strategies are listing, clustering, freewriting, looping, and asking the six journalists' questions. These strategies help you with both your invention and organization of ideas, and they can aid you in developing topics for your writing.Freewriting involves writing without stopping. Your goal is to write whatever ideas occur to you, using a pen or pencil and paper or using a computer with the monitor turned off. When freewriting, your focus is to generate ideas as opposed to writing grammatically correct sentences. Get your thoughts down as fully and quickly as you can without ...However, each invention activity has been crafted with you in mind and as a generative way for you to begin thinking about your writing assignments. Through the invention strategies of reading rhetorically, freewriting, focused freewriting, critical freewriting, flexible outlining, bulleting, visual outlining and auditory/dialogic generative ...Write an outline. Write the first draft. Revise and polish. . . . but that often doesn't work. Instead, you can try one or more of these strategies: Ask yourself what your purpose is for writing about the subject. There are many "correct" things to write about for any subject, but you need to narrow down your choices.The writing process refers to cognitive, problem-solving strategies. The writing process refers to the act of making composing decisions based on nonrational factors such as embodied knowledge, felt sense, inner speech, and intuition. 1. The writing process refers to writing process steps. The writing process is often characterized as a series ... Volumes in Writing Spaces: Readings on Writing offer multiple perspectives on a wide-range of topics about writing, much like the modelmade famous by Wendy Bishop's “The Subject Is . . .” series. In eachchapter, authors present their unique views, insights, and strategies forwriting by addressing the undergraduate reader directly. Drawing ontheir own experiences, these teachers-as ... Mapping Strategies. involve making a visual record or invention and inquiry. Clustering. is a strategy for revealing possible relationships among facts and ideas. Listing. making a list. Outlining. is both a means of inventing what you want to say in an essay and a way of organizing your ideas and information. Scratch Outline.1 Choose wording carefully. Word choice—the words and phrases you decide to use—is crucial in persuasive writing as a way to build a personal relationship with the reader. You want to always pick the best possible words and phrases in each instance to convince the reader that your opinion is right. Persuasive writing often uses strong ...Oct 20, 2013 · Once you have an idea of what you need to write and why, you can begin brainstorming and generating ideas on what you want to write. Below are resources on prewriting, also known as invention, in the writing process. Brainstorming Strategies for Student Writing (Cardinal Stritch University) Posted on YouTube: Oct. 20 2013 | length: 10:42 Freewriting is a strategy to use either as you are getting started or when you get stuck at any point in the writing process. Freewriting is simple but powerful ... advocacy researchcraigslist grand rapids michigan free However, each invention activity has been crafted with you in mind and as a genera- tive way for you to begin thinking about your writing assignments. Through the invention strategies of reading rhetorically, freewriting, focused freewriting, critical freewriting, flexible outlining, bulleting, visual outlining and auditory/dialogic generative ... Not all invention techniques are suited to all writers or writing tasks. ... Week 001-Course Module-Writing ...Using the invention strategies such as freewriting, clustering, and listing one can easily establish a topic or idea that will quickly attain the attention from their audience. There are many people who dismiss the use of invention when beginning the writing process because they believe it is a waste of time and does not serve a valid purpose ...Freewriting involves writing without stopping. Your goal is to write whatever ideas occur to you, using a pen or pencil and paper or using a computer with the monitor turned off. When freewriting, your focus is to generate ideas as opposed to writing grammatically correct sentences. Get your thoughts down as fully and quickly as you can without ...As an invention strategy, the appeal of parallel case is that is gives student writers a place to start—making direct comparisons to another situation, perhaps one with a more readily understood or agreed upon set of facts.Repurposed inventions take recycling to a whole new level by using and improving upon old technologies. Learn about repurposed inventions. Advertisement Repurposed inventions take recycling to a whole new level by using and improving upon e...Those are the basic steps for organizing and writing the proposal. After you have all the information down on the pages, focus on ensuring that your proposal is visually appealing. Incorporate your company logo, use colored page borders, and/or select interesting fonts and custom bullets to add color and design.Iran’s long-term strategy includes eradicating Israel and driving a wedge between Israel and its regional neighbors. So far, the war seems to be accomplishing that goal. ... Write …In today’s fast-paced digital world, content is king. Whether you are a blogger, marketer, or business owner, creating high-quality and engaging content is crucial to capturing your audience’s attention. However, the process of writing and ... But writing is not only a process: it’s also a measure of learning and your thinking, and so the process has to stop at various points so that your measure can be taken. Good academic writing is both a process and a product. Writing is Recursive. “Recursive” simply means that each step you take in your writingStarters support students in being specific with their ideas, provide a starting point for writing, and decrease anxiety about the writing process. 5. Paraphrasing. Successful paraphrasing involves identifying key ideas and supporting details in a text and rephrasing them using simpler language.The age of early printing: 1450–1550. Before the invention of printing, the number of manuscript books in Europe could be counted in thousands.By 1500, after only 50 years of printing, there were more than 9,000,000 books. These figures indicate the impact of the press, the rapidity with which it spread, the need for an artificial script, and the …The Writing Process. These OWL resources will help you with the writing process: pre-writing (invention), developing research questions and outlines, composing thesis statements, and proofreading. While the writing process may be different for each person and for each particular assignment, the resources contained in this section follow the ... Invention Strategies Writer's Hotline 816-235-2244 . Brainstorming = Writing Success Many people foolishly consider brainstorming or invention exercises a waste of time. By spending a few minutes working with a scratch piece of paper, you can find better quality and more feasible topics.1 Choose wording carefully. Word choice—the words and phrases you decide to use—is crucial in persuasive writing as a way to build a personal relationship with the reader. You want to always pick the best possible words and phrases in each instance to convince the reader that your opinion is right. Persuasive writing often uses strong ... INVENTION STRATEGIES 655. One of the texts I have used, Cowan and Cowan's Writing (1980), contains examples of a number of invention techniques, six of which. I present to my students: 1) oral ...5. 6. Invention in writing is the initial stage of the writing process. It is also known as brainstorming. This is where the writer calls upon all possible ideas to come up with concrete direction for their paper or research.Do you know how to think of an invention? Find out how to think of an invention in this article from HowStuffWorks. Advertisement Thinking of an invention means knowing what questions to ask yourself. What problems are people facing and wha... Example: You have to complete a lab report and hate writing the “Introduction” section. In order to complete the project on time, you overcome your anxiety about writing that section by first writing the “Materials,” “Method,” and “Results” sections. You write the “Introduction” last, reorder, and revise holistically. Peter Ferdinand Drucker (/ ˈ d r ʌ k ər /; German:; November 19, 1909 – November 11, 2005) was an Austrian American management consultant, educator, and author, whose writings contributed to the philosophical and practical foundations of modern management theory.He was also a leader in the development of management education, and invented the concepts known as …Data from social media to spot trends and prevent self-harm. Language patterns and images in posts can reveal and predict mental health conditions. Image: Photo by camilo jimenez on Unsplash. Globally, more than four billion people use social media, generating huge stores of data from their devices.Share This Story, Choose Your Platform! The five canons of rhetoric are a classical approach to understanding effective communication. They are: invention (what to say), arrangement (structure of content), style (language choices), memory (learn the presentation) and delivery (use of more than just words). Summary by The World of …In today’s digital age, the art of writing a letter may seem like a lost practice. However, there are still instances where a well-crafted letter can make a lasting impact. One of the first steps in becoming an efficient typist is to famili...Product Invention: P&G Diapers. The third strategy, product invention Creating an entirely new product for a given local market. In this strategy, companies go back to the drawing board and rethink how best to design a product for a specific country or region., is creating an entirely new product for the target market.In this strategy, companies go back to the … Volumes in Writing Spaces: Readings on Writing offer multiple perspectives on a wide-range of topics about writing, much like the modelmade famous by Wendy Bishop's “The Subject Is . . .” series. In eachchapter, authors present their unique views, insights, and strategies forwriting by addressing the undergraduate reader directly. Drawing ontheir own experiences, these teachers-as ... That should provide leads to diversify your search and gain a more complete assessment of your idea or invention. • Consider specialist search engines. Companies such as Octimine in Munich ...Reading intervention provides additional strategies and activities to boost reading skills in the areas of decoding, comprehension, and fluency for struggling readers. Reading intervention ... Outlining strategies for eliciting information about the roles of other players in the invention process, e.g. business partners, family/friends, skilled assistants, patent lawyers, etc. Exploring interview questions designed to elicit information about what motivates and sustains inventors through the invention process.The invention strategy that is used most frequently and most indiscriminately is prewriting. Predicated on the assumption that the act of writing stimulates the discovery of content, pre-writing was initially advocated as a method of retrieving infor-mation about past experiences and sensory impressions. At Our chapter begins by describing the role of invention in the writing process using a mixture of accessible scholarship and specific comments from our students. We make connections … The Internet (or internet) is the global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to communicate between networks and devices. It is a network of networks that consists of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies.Innovation is part of the pillar 'United in Knowledge' of Vision 2021 which focuses on innovative Emiratis building a competitive economy. One of the Key Performance Indicators of this pillar is the Global Innovation Index. The UAE Government launched Mohammed bin Rashid Centre for Government Innovation, Innovation Diploma, Government innovation labs, …Ganesha, god of wisdom, luck, and new beginnings. Kartikeya, god of war, victory, and knowledge. Brihaspati, guru of the devas. Shukra, guru of the asuras. Chitragupta, god of justice. Dakshinamurti, an aspect of Shiva as the guru of sages. Hayagriva, an aspect of Vishnu and the god of knowledge.Questioning. ask questions and consider using an established questioning approach to guide you. Ex. Understanding your purpose and asking how to fulfill that purpose. Writing. use various writing invention strategies to generate and organize ideas. Helps recall, develop, and retain ideas. Also helps with brainstorming.PDF | This article recommends the introduction of 'quickwriting', an invention technique, to second-language learners. Quickwriting has three features:... | Find, read and …For example, if you were writing an essay about fashion you could use the named Calvin Klein or Ralph Lauren as an invention strategy. Other invention strategies that I have seen in college writing are as follows: Using a tour guide as a narrative, 1st person narrative account, use of Q and A, use of quotes, colloquial language, use of pause in ...Questioning. ask questions and consider using an established questioning approach to guide you. Ex. Understanding your purpose and asking how to fulfill that purpose. Writing. use various writing invention strategies to generate and organize ideas. Helps recall, develop, and retain ideas. Also helps with brainstorming. ... invention or discovery), drafting, revising, and editing. Figure 1 Central to ... Experienced writers use a number of different editing strategies. One simple ...Microsoft Publisher is a helpful tool for producing all kinds of polished and professional documents, whether you’re writing an eBook or you need a unique brochure. If you’re looking to boost your Microsoft Publisher productivity, then read... In composition, brainstorming is an invention and discovery strategy in which the writer collaborates with others to explore topics, develop ideas, and/or propose solutions to a problem. Business Dictionary says that brainstorming is the. "process for generating creative ideas and solutions through intensive and freewheeling group discussion.Chapter Description. Our chapter begins by describing the role of invention in the writing process using a mixture of accessible scholarship and specific comments from our students. We make connections between student investment in writing, adopting a successful writing process, and performing different invention strategies. In addition to our ...Invention Strategies Writer's Hotline 816-235-2244 . Brainstorming = Writing Success Many people foolishly consider brainstorming or invention exercises a waste of time. By spending a few minutes working with a scratch piece of paper, you can find better quality and more feasible topics.Dec 1, 1984 · INVENTION STRATEGIES 655. One of the texts I have used, Cowan and Cowan's Writing (1980), contains examples of a number of invention techniques, six of which. I present to my students: 1) oral ... Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which of the following are important in planning an argumentative essay? (Select all that apply.), Which of the following are effective ways to use freewriting as an invention strategy? (Select all that apply.), In an argumentative essay, the thesis statement should and more.Writing is a process and the first part of the writing process is the invention stage. Invention helps you to generate ideas for your paper, book, poem, novel, article or whatever you are writing. Some people tend to skip this step even though it is one of the more important parts of the writing process, but that is a mistake.Invention. is the start of the writing process. Invention means to come up with an appropriate topic, to develop a main idea about that topic, and to gather supporting evidence for that main idea. Prewriting. is what we call the exercises that help you through the invention process. You can then start laying the groundwork for arrangement by ... Product innovation, when done right, product innovation has the following benefits: 1. Improved product quality. All business innovations directly improve product quality and performance. In turn, this increases the efficiency and effectiveness of business processes and makes radical structural and operational reforms possible. 2. 5. 6. Invention in writing is the initial stage of the writing process. It is also known as brainstorming. This is where the writer calls upon all possible ideas to come up with concrete direction for their paper or research. Invention is one of the prewriting techniques used in writing essays. It refers to the creation of new ideas in relation to the question given or the use of old ideas to come up with new ideas in writing. This is a very important strategy as it encourages critical thinking and creativity in essay writing. Many students, who write compositions ...Outlining strategies for eliciting information about the roles of other players in the invention process, e.g. business partners, family/friends, skilled assistants, patent lawyers, etc. Exploring interview questions designed to elicit information about what motivates and sustains inventors through the invention process.Summary: The following resource provides the reader with a better understanding of invention and invention strategies for poetry writing. It includes a number of exercises that can be used to aid in the invention process. Paper strategies, including print, magnification and braille; E-text strategies, including tracking, auditory support and refreshable braille; Auditory strategies, including readers and auditory books. To learn more, see Reading Strategies for Students with Visual Impairments: A Classroom Teacher’s Guide. It’s important to develop effective ... Problem-Solving Strategies 136 Invention in Writing Across the Curriculum 137 Online Inventional Practices 139 Visual Rhetoric and Invention 141 Feminist Inventional Practices 142 Pedagogies of Deconstruction, Cultural Studies, and Postmodernism 142 Deconstruction Pedagogies 142 Cultural Studies Pedagogies 143 Postmodernism Pedagogies 144Writing Process Invention—OWL - Download as a PDF or view online for free. Writing Process Invention—OWL - Download as a PDF or view online for free ... Tagmemics …Writing is a way of discovering ideas. Writing is a way of learning, a way of knowing. So in a real way, we do learn what it is we have to say in the course of composing the page. This is idea of writing that composition theorists and teachers have in mind when they talk of writing as a process.After a discussion of treatments of invention from the Sophists to the nineteenth century, Invention in Rhetoric and Composition introduces a range of early twentieth-century multidisciplinary theories and calls for invention's awakening in the field of English studies. It then showcases inventional theories and pedagogies that have emerged in ...5. Make A Commitment To Hiring A Diverse Team. For greater innovation, culture and mission-connection, companies need to hire diverse teams. Create a talent attraction and …writing assignments will be more useful than others. However, each invention activity has been crafted with you in mind and as a genera-tive way for you to begin thinking about your writing assignments. Through the invention strategies of reading rhetorically, freewriting, focused freewriting, critical freewriting, flexible outlining, bulleting, 7: Reinventing Invention- Discovery and Investment in Writing - Humanities LibreTexts. search Search. build_circle Toolbar. fact_check Homework. cancel Exit Reader …Inventive spelling refers to the practice of children using incorrect and unusual spellings for words. It is also sometimes called "invented spelling." Typically, inventive spelling is used by students who are just learning to put sounds together to make words. The written form of an inventively-spelled word often will contain the letters of ...They are both integral to the progression and advancement of human civilization as people think of new ways to express their ideas and cultivate those ideas into innovations that make society safer, healthier and more accessible. Creativity and innovation have benefited society via the invention of: Medicine. Music. Communication. …Five Steps to Implementing Innovation. We’re all familiar with stories about breakthrough products, services, and processes—the disruptors that grab the headlines and garner eye-popping valuations. And then there are the entrepreneurs who end up on the cover of Bloomberg Businessweek and write best-selling books about the keys to their …Writers use brainstorming to generate ideas to write about. What do you mean by brainstorming? Brainstorming is a method of generating ideas for writing or ...The strategies we offer for writing invention are by no means to be seen as individual, exclusive exercises in and of themselves. We have arranged them in sequence so that you might understand invention as a process of taking practical steps that work collectively in developing your reading and writing skills.Download Q.ai today for access to AI-powered investment strategies. When you deposit $100, we’ll add an additional $50 to your account. When you deposit $100, we’ll add an additional $50 to ... Writers use brainstorming to generate ideas to write about. What do you mean by brainstorming? Brainstorming is a method of generating ideas for writing or ...Re-invention strategy; Each type of corporate strategy has several sub-types, as illustrated in the picture below. Here is a brief overview of each strategy type with examples: 1. Growth Strategies. Growth strategies aim to achieve considerable business growth in the areas of revenue, market share, penetration, etc.The St. Martin's Guide to Teaching Writing defines invention as "a writer's search for all the kinds of material - both in the writer's memory and in external sources - that can shape and determine what can be presented and even known" (Glenn and Goldthwaite 163). Invention. is the start of the writing process. Invention means to come up with an appropriate topic, to develop a main idea about that topic, and to gather supporting evidence for that main idea. Prewriting. is what we call the exercises that help you through the invention process. You can then start laying the groundwork for arrangement by ... Read on for the ten essential tech trends you should be following in 2023. 1. AI Everywhere. In 2023, artificial intelligence will become real in organizations. No-code AI, with its easy drag-and ...Brainstorm: List all the ideas that you want to include in your paper. Organize: Group related ideas together. Order: Arrange material in subsections from general to specific or from abstract to concrete. Label: Create main and sub headings. Remember: creating an outline before writing your paper will make organizing your thoughts a lot easier. Questioning. ask questions and consider using an established questioning approach to guide you. Ex. Understanding your purpose and asking how to fulfill that purpose. Writing. use various writing invention strategies to generate and organize ideas. Helps recall, develop, and retain ideas. Also helps with brainstorming. Oct 20, 2013 · Once you have an idea of what you need to write and why, you can begin brainstorming and generating ideas on what you want to write. Below are resources on prewriting, also known as invention, in the writing process. Brainstorming Strategies for Student Writing (Cardinal Stritch University) Posted on YouTube: Oct. 20 2013 | length: 10:42 The 2022 Gartner Hype Cycle™ for Artificial Intelligence (AI) identifies must-know innovations in AI technology and techniques that go beyond the everyday AI already being used to add intelligence to previously static business applications, devices and productivity tools. “Notably, the AI Hype Cycle is full of innovations expected to drive ...Summary of the Multi-Step U.S. Patent Search Strategy. Brainstorm terms describing your invention. Try to think of alternative words to describe your concept. For example, an umbrella could also be called a parasol or a sunshade. Conduct a keyword search using Patent Public Search.More Prewriting (Invention) Questions. As a writer, you can begin by asking yourself questions and then answering them. Your answers will bring your subject into focus and provide you with the material to develop your topic. Here are twenty questions or "thought starters" that present ways of observing or thinking about your topic. Chapter Description. Our chapter begins by describing the role of invention in the writing process using a mixture of accessible scholarship and specific comments from our students. We make connections between student investment in writing, adopting a successful writing process, and performing different invention strategies. In addition to our ...A first grader’s story should describe two or more events, include details about what happened, and give some sense of the story coming to an end — not only by writing “The End,” although that’s a good start. Check out these two real examples of good first grade informational writing: • “ Water is inportint ”. • “ How to ...Using the invention strategies such as freewriting, clustering, and listing one can easily establish a topic or idea that will quickly attain the attention from their audience. There are many people who dismiss the use of invention when beginning the writing process because they believe it is a waste of time and does not serve a valid purpose ... Invention may also refer to. any act that results in the creation of an artifact, insight, story, product, application, service. the act of creating something novel. a new poem or story, the …Invented Strategies. Invented strategies are any strategies other than direct modeling or the standard algorithm. Using number talk routines as an ongoing part of math instruction helps students develop flexible strategies and number sense. It also highlights the fact that math should make sense and that multiple strategies for solving math problems are …writing assignments will be more useful than others. However, each invention activity has been crafted with you in mind and as a genera-tive way for you to begin thinking about your writing assignments. Through the invention strategies of reading rhetorically, freewriting, focused freewriting, critical freewriting, flexible outlining, bulleting, Invention may also refer to. any act that results in the creation of an artifact, insight, story, product, application, service. the act of creating something novel. a new poem or story, the … 5. Make A Commitment To Hiring A Diverse Team. For greater innovation, culture and mission-connection, companies need to hire diverse teams. Create a talent attraction and …About this Strategy Guide. This strategy guide explains the writing process and offers practical methods for applying it in your classroom to help students ... The following resource provides the reader with a better understanding of invention and invention strategies for poetry writing. It includes a number of exercises that can be used to aid in the invention process.Writers use brainstorming to generate ideas to write about. What do you mean by brainstorming? Brainstorming is a method of generating ideas for writing or ...Invention is often measured as the ability to patent an idea. If this can be achieved, then it is an invention. The success or failure of an invention depends not only on the ideas chosen by the organization but also on how well their implementation is managed. Invention is often about creating something that has yet to be desired by a customer.The brainstorming or invention strategies below can jump start your writing and help you see different facets of your topic. Consider using one or more strategies at various times in your writing process: from generating first ideas to gathering more evidence. Try Considering Your Audience Imagine your audience. How old are they? How to do it: Take your sheet (s) of paper and write your main topic in the center, using a word or two or three. Moving out from the center and filling in the open space any way you are driven to fill it, start to write down, fast, as many related concepts or terms as you can associate with the central topic. However, each invention activity has been crafted with you in mind and as a generative way for you to begin thinking about your writing assignments. Through the invention strategies of reading rhetorically, freewriting, focused freewriting, critical freewriting, flexible outlining, bulleting, visual outlining and auditory/dialogic generative ... The brainstorming or invention strategies below can jump start your writing and help you see different facets of your topic. Consider using one or more strategies at various …The origin of language (spoken and signed, as well as language-related technological systems such as writing), its relationship with human evolution, and its consequences have been subjects of study for centuries. Scholars wishing to study the origins of language must draw inferences from evidence such as the fossil record, archaeological evidence, contemporary language …Prewriting invites exploration and promotes the motivation to write’ (Strategies for Teaching Writing, 2004).” [1] In order to explore and identify what might be fruitful ideas for writing, I tend to jot concepts, phrases, and notes to myself. Sometimes I draw linkages to connect related ideas.Growth Strategies. When considering a growth strategy, you can look at several options to pursue: Increase sales of existing products. Increase the range of products and services you offer. Increase the size of the geographical area you serve. Buy out a competitor. Remember, growth strategies are invariably costly.Writing systems typically satisfy three criteria: firstly, writing must be complete with a purpose or some sort of meaning to it, and a point must be made or communicated in the text; secondly, all writing systems must have a set of symbols which can be made on some sort of writing material, whether physical or digital; thirdly, the symbols used in the …We often call these prewriting strategies “brainstorming techniques.”. Five useful strategies are listing, clustering, freewriting, looping, and asking the six journalists' questions. These strategies help you with both your invention and organization of ideas, and they can aid you in developing topics for your writing. Results 1 - 24 of 3700+ ... Browse invention writing resources on Teachers Pay Teachers, a marketplace trusted by millions of teachers for original educational ...Reading intervention provides additional strategies and activities to boost reading skills in the areas of decoding, comprehension, and fluency for struggling readers. Reading intervention ...Most employ a writing process, in which they begin with prewriting and invention, then outlining, composing, revising and editing. Though the aforementioned might suggest a linear process, it is usually recursive. For instance, you might end up going back to the prewriting phase and do some brainstorming even while writing the actual draft.The Background of the Invention is a misleading name, ... Patent Strategy: Advanced Patent Claim Drafting for Inventors ... Writing Method Claims; An Introduction to Patent Claims;Are you struggling with writing a proposal? Do you find yourself lost and unsure of where to start? Don’t worry, you’re not alone. Writing a winning proposal can be a challenging task, but with the right guidance and strategies, you can cre...Aug 12, 2020 · The strategies we offer for writing invention are by no means to be seen as individual, exclusive exercises in and of themselves. We have arranged them in sequence so that you might understand invention as a process of taking practical steps that work collectively in developing your reading and writing skills. How to do it: Take your sheet (s) of paper and write your main topic in the center, using a word or two or three. Moving out from the center and filling in the open space any way you are driven to fill it, start to write down, fast, as many related concepts or terms as you can associate with the central topic.Invention (also referred to as brainstorming) is the stage of the writing process during which writers discover the ideas upon which their essays will focus. During this stage, writers tend to overcome some of the anxiety they might have about writing a paper, and in many cases, actually become excited about it. Invention 1 . Created by Rebecca Steffy, Cabrini University Writing Center Rev. 9/8/21 . Invention: Strategies for Tackling the Blank Page . Writing begins with invention, with bringing something to life. The St. Martin’s Guide to Teaching Writing defines invention as “a writer’s Invention Invention is the process of coming up with material for a text. In writing, this is the brainstorming or prewriting stage. Examples of invention: A political candidate comes up with several major points she wants to bring up in a debate. Before writing a paper, a student does a freewriting exercise to come up with a good topic.The Writing Process. These OWL resources will help you with the writing process: pre-writing (invention), developing research questions and outlines, composing thesis statements, and proofreading. While the writing process may be different for each person and for each particular assignment, the resources contained in this section follow the ...The origin of language (spoken and signed, as well as language-related technological systems such as writing), its relationship with human evolution, and its consequences have been subjects of study for centuries. Scholars wishing to study the origins of language must draw inferences from evidence such as the fossil record, archaeological evidence, contemporary language …The brainstorming or invention strategies below can jump start your writing and help you see different facets of your topic. Consider using one or more strategies at various …May 16, 2022 · How to use it: Use freewriting as a way for students to dive in and explore a prompt or topic. Set the time (start with maybe 5 – 7 minutes) and have your students write continuously. They shouldn’t worry about spelling, grammar, organization — they are just getting their thoughts down on paper. Dragons Eat Noodles on Tuesdays by Jon Stahl, illustrated by Tadgh Bentley. The big blue monster begins writing a a story with “once upon a time” and adds, “the end.”. Little by little, his yellow monster friend helps the blue monster improve his story, so there is a dragon, a knight, a super smart damsel, and a plot.This is a practice-led, conceptual paper describing selected means for action learning and concept motivation at all levels of mathematics education. It details the approach used by the authors to devise insights for practitioners of mathematics teaching. The paper shows that this approach in mathematics education based on action learning in conjunction with the …Abstract. Traditionally, invention has been regarded as relatively unimportant in technical writing because of the widely held notion that technologists generate their ideas …chess, one of the oldest and most popular board games, played by two opponents on a checkered board with specially designed pieces of contrasting colours, commonly white and black.White moves first, after which the players alternate turns in accordance with fixed rules, each player attempting to force the opponent’s principal piece, the King, into checkmate—a …Saraswati. Nabu. Ahura Mazda. Anansi. Athena is the most famous goddess of wisdom from the ancient world. She has inspired numerous artists, allegorists, writers, etc. 1. Athena. Athena, the Greek Goddess of War, Wisdom, and Handicrafts, is the most famous wisdom goddess from classic mythology.These invention strategies include freewriting, listing or brainstorming, mapping or clustering, and outlining, as well as others. We help writers identify ...Writing • Free-Writing • Outlining(recommended after another invention strategy has already been used) • Revision. Free-Writing • No rules of grammar, punctuation, sentence structure. • No worries about coherency or organization. • Allow whatever you’re thinking to be written down.Summary of the Multi-Step U.S. Patent Search Strategy. Brainstorm terms describing your invention. Try to think of alternative words to describe your concept. For example, an umbrella could also be called a parasol or a sunshade. Conduct a keyword search using Patent Public Search.Not everyone formulates ideas the same way. Certain strategies that work well for one person may not work for another. Try a variety of different strategies to find what works best for you. Keep in mind, the purpose of invention and prewriting is to help get your ideas from in your head onto your paper.The brainstorming or invention strategies below can jump start your writing and help you see different facets of your topic. Consider using one or more strategies at various times in your writing process: from generating first ideas to gathering more evidence. Try Considering Your Audience Imagine your audience. How old are they?Invention Five W's and an H. Teachers from Socrates to your high school English teachers have championed perhaps the simplest and... Brainstorming. Brainstorming is a less formal strategy for invention, one in which a writer jots down, as quickly as he... Nutshelling. Sometimes writers have lots of ...Aristotle’s Rhetoric. First published Thu May 2, 2002; substantive revision Tue Mar 15, 2022. Aristotle’s Rhetoric has had an unparalleled influence on the development of the art of rhetoric. In addition to Aristotle’s disciples and followers, the so-called Peripatetic philosophers (see Fortenbaugh/Mirhady 1994), famous Roman …Using the invention strategies such as freewriting, clustering, and listing one can easily establish a topic or idea that will quickly attain the attention from their audience. There are many people who dismiss the use of invention when beginning the writing process because they believe it is a waste of time and does not serve a valid purpose ... However, each invention activity has been crafted with you in mind and as a genera- tive way for you to begin thinking about your writing assignments. Through the invention strategies of reading rhetorically, freewriting, focused freewriting, critical freewriting, flexible outlining, bulleting, visual outlining and auditory/dialogic generative ... Additionally, the USPTO maintains several other legal assistance resources and programs for independent inventors, entrepreneurs, and small businesses. It is possible, though challenging, to file a patent application on your own. The remaining steps will guide you through the filing process. Step 2 Anchor.Using the invention strategies such as freewriting, clustering, and listing one can easily establish a topic or idea that will quickly attain the attention from their audience. There are many people who dismiss the use of invention when beginning the writing process because they believe it is a waste of time and does not serve a valid purpose ...Get a to-do list and a timer. Set your timer for 25 minutes, and focus on a single task until the timer rings. When your session ends, mark off one pomodoro and record what you completed. Then enjoy a five-minute break. After four pomodoros, take …Which of the following is a benefit of clustering as an invention strategy?a-b wrong-Clustering should only be used by visual learners. Clustering helps writers see angles that they had not previously considered. Clustering shows the level of importance of ideas. Clustering involves drawing pictures. Step 5: Develop a Prototype. Developing a prototype can be the most fun or the most tedious part of inventing. Much of your attitude toward developing a prototype depends on available resources, technology, and expertise. In this text, we reference the concept of the lean startup from time to time.First, ensure the CEO positions themselves as the top champion for D&I efforts. Second, center D&I in your business strategy. Third, hold executive leaders accountable for D&I outcomes. Fourth ... Organization can help you to focus your research process and help you to avoid any repetition of facts in your first written draft. Overall a paper will be more professional if you apply a bit of organization skills to the process. Naturally, your writing process consists of four stages, which are: invention, research, writing, and revising.Invention is the creation of a new idea or concept. Creativity is the act of turning new and imaginative ideas into reality. Creativity, invention, and innovation are all interrelated and necessary for growth to occur. We can follow any successful company and see an investment of time and effort into these three concepts.Cubing Writing Commons | Cubing is a tool to look at one thing from six ... strategy to make new connections to your topic. PRINCIPLE Use these six starters ... Invention. is the start of the writing process. Invention means to come up with an appropriate topic, to develop a main idea about that topic, and to gather supporting evidence for that main idea. Prewriting. is what we call the exercises that help you through the invention process. You can then start laying the groundwork for arrangement by ... They come in the forms of fine art and writing, or in graffiti and viral videos, or in new products ... Invention certainly requires creativity, but it goes beyond coming up with new ideas, combinations of ... A Dynamic Model of Strategic Change.” Academy of Management Journal 34, no. 3 (1991): 591–612. 11 Ian Fillis and Ruth Rentschler ... Have you ever stared at a blank page, unsure of where to begin? As a writer, it’s a common struggle to overcome the daunting task of starting from scratch. However, with the right mindset and strategies, you can transform that empty canvas ...The 2022 Gartner Hype Cycle™ for Artificial Intelligence (AI) identifies must-know innovations in AI technology and techniques that go beyond the everyday AI already being used to add intelligence to previously static business applications, devices and productivity tools. “Notably, the AI Hype Cycle is full of innovations expected to drive ...Go digital with this title’s e-book and Achieve for Readers and Writers. More Rhetorical, Better Writing. The Academic Writer is a brief guide that prepares students for any college writing situation through a solid foundation in rhetorical concepts. By framing reading, listening, viewing, and composing processes in terms of the rhetorical situation, Lisa Ede gives students the tools …What is Invention? Invention is the start of the writing process. Invention means to come up with an appropriate topic, to develop a main idea about that topic, and to gather … Oct 21, 2023 · Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which of the following are important in planning an argumentative essay? (Select all that apply.), Which of the following are effective ways to use freewriting as an invention strategy? (Select all that apply.), In an argumentative essay, the thesis statement should and more. Hitting, kicking, shoving, name-calling, spreading of rumors, exclusion and intimidating gestures (e.g., eye rolling) by powerful peers are all examples of harassment that is physical, verbal, or psychological in nature. Some definitions of bullying state that the harassment must be repeated over time. However, even a single traumatic incident ...Invention is the creation of a new idea or concept. Creativity is the act of turning new and imaginative ideas into reality. Creativity, invention, and innovation are all interrelated and necessary for growth to occur. We can follow any successful company and see an investment of time and effort into these three concepts.Composition and creativity -- Chapter 2. Composing processes and creative processes -- Chapter 3. Rhetorical situations -- Chapter 4. Invention strategies -- ...Volumes in Writing Spaces: Readings on Writing offer multiple perspec-tives on a wide-range of topics about writing, much like the model made famous by Wendy Bishop’s “The Subject Is . . .” series. In each chapter, authors present their unique views, insights, and strategies for writing by addressing the undergraduate reader directly.More Prewriting (Invention) Questions. As a writer, you can begin by asking yourself questions and then answering them. Your answers will bring your subject into focus and provide you with the material to develop your topic. Here are twenty questions or "thought starters" that present ways of observing or thinking about your topic.Prewriting is also known as discovery, invention, topic exploration, and a host of other terms that speak to the usefulness of this phase of writing. If you are trying to select a topic or explore a topic to begin a writing assignment, prewriting techniques offer ways to explore the topic more fully. Before you begin researching a topic from ... Composing processes require not only writing knowledge and behaviour regulation, but also the deployment of strategies under the influence of a variety of factors (Graham & Harris, 2005).Hammann has elucidated that SRL strategies are helpful to “support learning and cognitive development, assess knowledge acquisition, and …For example, if your general assignment is to write about the changes in inventions over time, and your specific thesis claims that "the 20th century presented a large number of inventions to advance US society by improving upon the status of 19th-century society," you could brainstorm two different lists to ensure you are covering the ...1 Choose wording carefully. Word choice—the words and phrases you decide to use—is crucial in persuasive writing as a way to build a personal relationship with the reader. You want to always pick the best possible words and phrases in each instance to convince the reader that your opinion is right. Persuasive writing often uses strong ...Outlining strategies for eliciting information about the roles of other players in the invention process, e.g. business partners, family/friends, skilled assistants, patent lawyers, etc. Exploring interview questions designed to elicit information about what motivates and sustains inventors through the invention process.Using the invention strategies such as freewriting, clustering, and listing one can easily establish a topic or idea that will quickly attain the attention from their audience. There are many people who dismiss the use of invention when beginning the writing process because they believe it is a waste of time and does not serve a valid purpose ...Step 5: Develop a Prototype. Developing a prototype can be the most fun or the most tedious part of inventing. Much of your attitude toward developing a prototype depends on available resources, technology, and expertise. In this text, we reference the concept of the lean startup from time to time. It teaches children word recognition. They can copy these sight words and signs as they learn to write. Invented/transitional spelling. Transitional spellers will continue to explore sight words. Tracing words: Children can practice spelling and writing by tracing pre-written words, like their first name. Conventional writing and spellingThe strategies we offer for writing invention are by no means to be seen as individual, exclusive exercises in and of themselves. We have arranged them in sequence so that you might understand invention as a process of taking practical steps that work collectively in developing your reading and writing skills.The origin of language (spoken and signed, as well as language-related technological systems such as writing), its relationship with human evolution, and its consequences have been subjects of study for centuries. Scholars wishing to study the origins of language must draw inferences from evidence such as the fossil record, archaeological evidence, contemporary language … Writing Process Invention—OWL - Download as a PDF or view online for free. Writing Process Invention—OWL - Download as a PDF or view online for free ... Tagmemics are a contemporary invention strategy developed by Kenneth and Evelyn Pike, Richard Young, and Alton Becker in the 1960s and 1970s. The simplest way on how to propose an action (innovation, intervention or strategy) that the researcher will do in action research is clearly presented in t...Since the mid-1990s, the Internet has had a revolutionary impact on communication, including the rise of near-instant communication by electronic mail, instant messaging, voice over Internet ...Prewriting Invention Strategies. Using Prewriting Invention Strategies. In the proceeding paragraphs, you will learn about prewriting and the various strategies, processes and question you should consider before you begin to write. Consider this. As you begin to start writing… Does your mind draw a blank. Do you suffer from ‘writer’s block’Which of the following is a benefit of clustering as an invention strategy?a-b wrong-Clustering should only be used by visual learners. Clustering helps writers see angles that they had not previously considered. Clustering shows the level of importance of ideas. Clustering involves drawing pictures. Most employ a writing process, in which they begin with prewriting and invention, then outlining, composing, revising and editing. Though the aforementioned might suggest a linear process, it is usually recursive. For instance, you might end up going back to the prewriting phase and do some brainstorming even while writing the actual draft.The ability to send messages rapidly across great distances made an indelible impact on government, trade, banking, industry, warfare and news media, and formed the bedrock of the information age ...The Wheaton College (IL) Writing Center offers tips regarding prewriting and outlining to help break your writer's block ... >> OWL Purdue Invention Guid e >> · > ...Aug 12, 2020 · The strategies we offer for writing invention are by no means to be seen as individual, exclusive exercises in and of themselves. We have arranged them in sequence so that you might understand invention as a process of taking practical steps that work collectively in developing your reading and writing skills. Good writing skills are needed for all the students in order to accomplish their educational and employable requirements. Process Approach stresses writing activities which move learners from the ...Chapter Description. Our chapter begins by describing the role of invention in the writing process using a mixture of accessible scholarship and specific comments from our students. We make connections between student investment in writing, adopting a successful writing process, and performing different invention strategies. In addition to our ...Examples of literature reviews. Step 1 – Search for relevant literature. Step 2 – Evaluate and select sources. Step 3 – Identify themes, debates, and gaps. Step 4 – Outline your literature review’s structure. Step 5 – Write your literature review.For example, if your general assignment is to write about the changes in inventions over time, and your specific thesis claims that "the 20th century presented a large number of inventions to advance US society by improving upon the status of 19th-century society," you could brainstorm two different lists to ensure you are covering the ...As you polish your description into its final form, you can follow this outline: Begin on a new page by stating the title of your invention. Make it short, precise, and specific. For example, if your invention is a compound, say "Carbon tetrachloride," not "Compound." Avoid naming the invention after yourself or using the words new or …Thinking about your assignment in terms of the rhetorical situation can help guide you in the beginning of the writing process. Topic, audience, genre, style, opportunity, research, the …... invention or discovery), drafting, revising, and editing. Figure 1 Central to ... Experienced writers use a number of different editing strategies. One simple ...For example, microwaves were invented to heat food quickly, calendars were made to keep track of time, and computers were developed to process and store data. Many inventions have completely changed our lifestyles, like the invention of electricity. Other inventions merely make life more convenient, like dishwashers and lint rollers.What is the invention stage of writing? During invention, sometimes called prewriting, you decide what you will write about. Then you accumulate ideas and information to support or explain what you want to say. During the next stage, organization, you consider how your ideas are related and decide how best to arrange them.Model texts, toolkits and planning resources. The following resources have been collated to inspire and aid lesson and unit planning utilising the Talk for Writing approach. For those new to the approach, it will be helpful to consult the overview and process resources before looking at this section. Please use the subcategories below to filter ...5 Şub 2016 ... ​'invention' (where teachers help pupils to create original texts independently). These tasks aim to improve writing ability by giving ...ideas or new inventions that change the world. It is about individual growth achieved through small insights. Creativity and innovation are fundamental to all disciplines and an essential part of the learning process, forming an important dimension of learning how to learn, which we considered in Chapter 3. They are also fundamental to teachersPeter Ferdinand Drucker (/ ˈ d r ʌ k ər /; German:; November 19, 1909 – November 11, 2005) was an Austrian American management consultant, educator, and author, whose writings contributed to the philosophical and practical foundations of modern management theory.He was also a leader in the development of management education, and invented the concepts known as … Feb 19, 2023 · Organization can help you to focus your research process and help you to avoid any repetition of facts in your first written draft. Overall a paper will be more professional if you apply a bit of organization skills to the process. Naturally, your writing process consists of four stages, which are: invention, research, writing, and revising. These activities include idea generation, screening the idea, developing and testing the concept, formulating a marketing strategy, conducting business analysis, undertaking product development, market testing, and commercialization. All these stages should be taken into account in the new product development process.Write an outline. Write the first draft. Revise and polish. . . . but that often doesn't work. Instead, you can try one or more of these strategies: Ask yourself what your purpose is for writing about the subject. There are many "correct" things to write about for any subject, but you need to narrow down your choices.Sixth Session of the WIPO Conversation “Frontier technologies – AI Inventions” AI inventions present the current patent system with a number of challenges. In order to provide better protection and embrace the full value of patents it is necessary to have timely, transparent and accessible standards for patent granting that market players can fully …This process can be as in-depth or minimalist as you want it to be. If you’re suffering from writer’s block, invention writing can help stimulate creativity, and possibly show you a way out of your predicament. In this article, we’ll present some invention strategies to get those creative juices flowing and inspire some story ideas.5. 6. Invention in writing is the initial stage of the writing process. It is also known as brainstorming. This is where the writer calls upon all possible ideas to come up with concrete direction for their paper or research. Starters support students in being specific with their ideas, provide a starting point for writing, and decrease anxiety about the writing process. 5. Paraphrasing. Successful paraphrasing involves identifying key ideas and supporting details in a text and rephrasing them using simpler language. 28 Oca 2022 ... Pickett's Charge. Bird, Wright Brothers, Complaint or Advice, New invention disrupts skies. 21st Century Woman, Susan B. Anthony, Thank-you note ...THE WRITING PROCESS Invention Techniques: Before you begin writing the first draft of an academic paper, you must have a plan. The longer and more in-depth the finished paper is meant to be, the more important it is to have a firm grasp of your intentions: the subject and specific topic you will cover, the scope of your paper, what kind of essay you will be writing, your preliminary thesis ... The 2022 Gartner Hype Cycle™ for Artificial Intelligence (AI) identifies must-know innovations in AI technology and techniques that go beyond the everyday AI already being used to add intelligence to previously static business applications, devices and productivity tools. “Notably, the AI Hype Cycle is full of innovations expected to drive ... If you are trying to select a topic or explore a topic to begin a writing assignment, prewriting techniques offer ways to explore the topic more fullyIn this text, we reference the concept of the lean startup from time to timeuse various writing invention strategies to generate and organize ideasA common rule among newspaper editors is that reporters should answer all six of these questions in the lead paragraph of their news articlesRhetorical situations -- Chapter 4Sometimes writers have lots of ...Aristotle’s RhetoricSince the mid-1990s, the Internet has had a revolutionary impact on communication, including the rise of near-instant communication by electronic mail, instant messaging, voice over Internet ...Jul 1, 2020 · Invention is one of the prewriting techniques used in writing essays.” seriesWhether you are a blogger, marketer, or business owner, creating high-quality and engaging content is crucial to capturing your audience’s attentionFor greater innovation, culture and mission-connection, companies need to hire diverse teamsHere are twenty questions or "thought starters" that present ways of observing or thinking about your topic.Prewriting is also known as discovery, invention, topic exploration, and a host of other terms that speak to the usefulness of this phase of writingAdvertisement Thinking of an invention means knowing what questions to ask yourselfBelow are resources on prewriting, also known as invention, in the writing processLittle by little, his yellow monster friend helps the blue monster improve his story, so there is a dragon, a knight, a super smart damsel, and a plot.This is a practice-led, conceptual paper describing selected means for action learning and concept motivation at all levels of mathematics educationBut, whether you're new to writing or a prolific pro, invention doesn't always feel simple when you're stuck on a blank page or screen.Writing a thesis can be a daunting task, especially when faced with writer’s blockIn eachchapter, authors present their unique views, insights, and strategies forwriting by addressing the undergraduate reader directlyYour answers will bring your subject into focus and provide you with the material to develop your topic